Showing posts with label clue types. Show all posts
Showing posts with label clue types. Show all posts
Friday, 19 December 2014

Fill In The Blanks

Fill In The Blank Clues In a good cryptic clue, the surface is a standalone piece of prose with a real-world/relatable meaning. But you will occasionally come across this exception: a surface containing blank(s), which need to be filled based on the clue's answer to become meaningful.

A fill-in-the-blanks (FITB) clue prompts the solver to supply the missing chunk that, when inserted into the blank(s), makes its surface sense complete. The missing chunk is generally indicated with a series of underscores.

Example 1:
FT 13284 (Viking): Solemn? Yes, if rendered ____ (9) MONEYLESS
The clue works on the anagram (rendering) of (SOLEMN YES)*.
One would understandably be solemn if rendered moneyless, as the surface says when the answer is plugged into the blank.

Sometimes it isn't directly the clue's answer that completes the surface, but wordplay associated with it.

Example 2:
Guardian 24043 (Paul): Successful author's ____ in it, you might say! (7) ROWLING
The answer is the successful author Rowling, but the word that goes into the blank is its homophone (indicated by 'you might say') 'rolling'.

Solve These

A few fill-in-the-blank clues for you to relish.

THC 11176 (xChequer): Seek charity at home because that's where it should _____? (5)

[From Tim Moorey's book] If one cold toe is numb, two must be ____ (4,6)

TIB16 (Diogenes): Naughtily ogle at her when model's caught in the ____ ? (10)

Guardian 25488 (Araucaria): "Bedtime: that's all ____" — no love this time (9) F________

Guardian 26051 (Paul):  Though analogue isn't a poisoner ___ ? (9) D________

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Thursday, 25 September 2014

Really Well Hidden Long Answers

telescopic-clue-type-long-answers Cryptic clues with hidden answers are perhaps the trickiest for the crossword setter to disguise. Since all the letters of the answer have to be given out to the solver, in the sequence expected, the clue can end up being too easy. And so, most often, setters reserve the use of this clue type for short words as they are more convenient to conceal in the clue.

Embedding long answers in a clue is quite a feat – the fodder tends to cut across multiple words but it has to be inconspicuous, the clue surface has to be meaningful, the hidden word indicator has to be fair without letting out instantly that the solution is stashed inside the clue.

Sharing some exceptional clues using the hidden clue type, in which long answers span across multiple words of the fodder.

Times 25538: Academic rose, condemning boxing in an instant (11)

THC 11161 (Buzzer): Burst and tore as one keeping fit (5,2,6)

Times 25900: Henceforth, ATM at terminal — at the centre, indeed  (3,4,6)

Guardian 25260 (Boatman): Railhead activity leads to accident — rain mention­ed in covering letters (11)

Guardian 26158 (Paul): Nevadan died in Montana, dog buried there (6,7)

Tim Moorey's How To Master The Times Crossword quotes this as possibly the longest hidden clue ever:

Times: As seen in jab, reach of pro miserably failing to meet expectations (6,2,7)

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Tuesday, 9 April 2013

Clueing really long solutions in a crossword

In his guest post on 2 November 2012, Gordon Holt discussed the technique of using anagrams to clue long words or phrases in a cryptic crossword. Here, he looks at how other clueing devices may come into play with long solutions that span 15 letters or more.

Gordon Holt aka Otterden is a crossword setter for the British weekly New Statesman.

long crossword solutions The construction of a clue for a lengthy solution is often problematic for a compiler because clueing for several letters together can tend to be awkward and tortuous. In the absence of an overall anagram that works, an amalgam of various other devices may be necessary, and it is not often possible to string these together fluently in a strict item-by-item charade format. However, if a charade is possible, it gives the clue some sort of structure giving a solver a reasonable chance to unravel it.

A simple example:

Excitable reviewer friend acted over censoriously (15)
The answer is HYPERCRITICALLY: HYPER (excitable) CRITIC (reviewer) ALLY (friend)

A more complex example containing five different elements:

Bad temper display after a party member on phone goes on and on  (9,6) 
This leads to PERPETUUM MOBILE: PER (a) PET (bad temper display) UU (party: Ulster Unionists) M (member) MOBILE (phone)

Multi-word long answers also give the compiler a chance to devise wordplay in which the building blocks of the charade cross the word-breaks in the solution.

Clues for long entries which use a mixture of other clueing devices are quite possible of course, but require considerable ingenuity to set, especially if a smooth face reading is striven for. A splendid recent example, using three insertions and a deletion, by the great Araucaria of The Guardian:

School friends' payment kept by head female in a church garment shortened, one with a tin with nothing in it (6-7,11)
The answer is PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION: RENT (payment) in i.e. kept by PATE (head) + HER (female) in A CASSOC[k] (church garment shortened) I (one) A TIN round O (nothing).

Dealing with of a long quotation is another problem area for setters, but sometimes the task of breaking one down into separately clued bits and pieces can be avoided. For instance, the famous Shakespearean 30-letter line from Hamlet TO BE OR NOT TO BE, THAT IS THE QUESTION could be dealt with in a fun way by saying:

Familiar quote might have been heard when casting for Spiderman
Here the homophonic reference is to Tobey (Maguire), the actor selected for the role in the Spiderman films.

Another example is the 51-letter solution string from Shakespeare's As You Like It: ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE AND ALL THE MEN AND WOMEN MERELY PLAYERS. This could be clued as:

'Global' declaration heard in London this summer providing planetary overview
This clue may need some explanation for non-UK solvers: in 2009 when the puzzle was published in UK's New Statesman, the seasonal presentation at the famous Globe theatre was As You Like It.

As I mentioned in my previous post, one problem with solutions which run into multiple words, particularly where some are of one, two or three letter length, is that with a bit of thought and only a few checking letters it may be possible for a solver to get to the answer without needing help from the actual clue wordplay...and all of a compiler's hard work is sidestepped!

It may be possible to clue a long solution word by double definition and a fun example which readers might like to solve is:

Sensible quality of Frankenstein's monster (5-10)

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Wednesday, 23 January 2013

Demystifying Clue Annotation Shortcodes

crossword-annotation-symbols On crossword solving blogs/communities, solutions are sometimes explained in shorthand notation such as {A}{C}{CLIMAx*} for ACCLAIM, CAL(1)L<= for LILAC, or ~(tale)+SPIN for TAILSPIN. If these annotations seem confusing to you, this post will help you make sense of them.

Note that there is no universal standard/prescribed method of annotating crossword solutions; these shortcodes have evolved and come to be recognised as such through usage. So you may find variations in the way different crossword blogs – or even different bloggers on the same blog – annotate the wordplay. Some solvers might indicate reversal with <, others with rev, <- or <=: all are fine as long as readers understand what the symbol means.  Crossword sites generally carry a key to the annotation format – for example, THCC displays an "Annotations" widget on the sidebar.

On Crossword Unclued, I started off with using the same annotation format as Orkut's Hindu Crossword community. With time I began to favour the simpler ( over { to demarcate parts of wordplay, and then based on feedback from a number of readers, shifted to writing more descriptive explanations for answers. This might seem like overkill to experienced solvers but then I think they can skip the details if they wish, at least the newcomers wouldn't be intimidated. These days I reserve shorthand annotations only for very simple answers or for space-constrained places like twitter. Many other crossword solvers give detailed answers as well and Big Dave's blog of tagline "crossword clues explained in plain English" fame actively avoids the use of symbols to denote clue types.

Here's a list of clue annotation formats commonly used across crossword blogs/communities.

Clue Type Annotation Shortcode(s) Examples
Anagrams (fodder)*, *(fodder)
(FODDER)*, *(FODDER)

SOLUTION* – the most compact annotation format but can be ambiguous if the anagram fodder is complex
NIE: It can't be made whole (6) INTACT
(it cant)*
*(IT CANT)
INTACT*
Homophones SOLUTION~homophone word/phrase NIE: Big jar say (5) GREAT
GREAT~grate
Hidden Words [T] – from the term 'telescopic clue type' popular on Hindu Crossword forums

in <fodder in lowercase with hidden answer in uppercase>
NIE: Does nothing and some did less! (5) IDLES
IDLES [T]
in 'dID LESs'
Deletions {-letters to be deleted}LETTERS RETAINED
[letters to be deleted]LETTERS RETAINED
letters to be deleted crossed out
NIE: The endless hurry that gets the bird (6) THRUSH
TH{-e} RUSH
TH[e] RUSH
THe RUSH
Charades    blank spaces
+ , or – between charade components

{} brackets around charade components
NIE: A note to finish a list of things to be done (6) AGENDA
A G END A
A+G+END+A
A,G,END,A
A-G-END-A
{A}{G}{END}{A}
Substitutions FODDER - [letters to be removed]+[letters to be included] Times 25081: Fellows drop English for hard science subject (5) MATHS
MATES – E + H
Containers ( ) or { } NIE: Attest to a very absorbing Kipling poem (6) VERIFY
VER(IF)Y
VER{IF}Y
Acrostics Letters written out with spaces: X Y Z

Initial letters in uppercase, the rest in lowercase
Times 25015: Recess starting as parliamentary session ends (4) APSE
A P S E
A[s] P[arliamentary] S[ession] E[nds]
Reversals <   <-   <—   <=  
rev
NIE: Send money or return the watch (5) REMIT
TIMER<  
TIMER<-   TIMER<—   TIMER<=
(TIMER)<—  
{TIMER}<=
TIMER rev
Letter Sequences Selected letters in uppercase, the rest in lowercase Times 25341: Artiste was regularly disorientated (2,3) AT SEA
ArT iStEwAs
Letter Shifting Fodder with letters to be shifted highlighted –> solution with letter shifted highlighted Times 24375: Ruler in a mess having succeeded much earlier? (4) SHAH
HA{S}H –> {S}HAH
Letter Exchange Fodder with letters to be exchanged highlighted –> solution with letters exchanged highlighted Times 24399: Doomed king switching sides? True (4) REAL
{L}EA{R} –> {R}EA{L}
Double Definitions [2]
dd
[DD]

For multi-definition clues, the shortcodes would be [n] for n definitions, md or [MD].
NIE: Experience discrimination (8) TASTE
TASTE [2]
TASTE dd
TASTE [DD]
Cryptic Definitions [CD]
cd
NIE: The dotty type (7) BRAILLE
BRAILLE [CD]
BRAILLE cd
Cryptic Double-Definitions d&cd or cd&d, depending on whether the cryptic half is to the right or to the left in the solution NIE: Break one's nose perhaps (8) BREATHER
BREATHER d&cd
Palindromes ->SOLUTION<- NIE: It moves the helicopter backwards or forwards (5) ROTOR
-> ROTOR<-
&lit Clue type annotation followed by "&lit" or "all-in-one" NIE: A drink in the late afternoon (3) TEA
TEA [T] &lit

Combining Annotation Shortcodes

These symbols work as building blocks to annotate complex clue types. Brackets may be included as separators between wordplay components and these have the same function as in BODMAS – they ask you to process whatever is inside first.

NIE: Young insects raised up on pea soup (5) PUPAE; UP< (PEA)*
FT14121 (Alberich): Teacher nets about a million? That’s very unlikely! (5,2) DREAM ON; D(RE+A+M)ON
Everyman 3450: A bad-tempered moment reportedly caused by puzzle (8) ACROSTIC; A+(CROS TIC [~(cross tick)])

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Wednesday, 28 November 2012

The Cockney TH

cockney-th-fronting If the word "Cockney" appears in a cryptic clue, its most common purpose is to indicate H-dropping. On occasion it refers to other Cockney accent features like th-fronting.

Th-fronting according to Wikipedia technically means:

The use of the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] for the dental fricatives [θ] and [ð]

Simply put, th-fronting is the pronunciation of "th" as "f" or "v". So "think" in Cockney speech becomes "fink", "brother" becomes "bruver".

This facet of speech is put to use in cryptic clues such as:

Times 24508: Release a trio of Cockneys? (4) FREE
THREE (trio) would sound like FREE (release) in Cockney accent.

As with H-dropping, other indicators of Cockney pronunciation are names of geographical areas where Cockney English could be spoken - East End, Bow, Albert Square, etc.

FT 13854 (Bradman): Nonconformist wise men from east of London may introduce themselves thus, we hear (3,4) WEE FREE
A member of the Free Church of Scotland is colloquially called Wee Free, which is how those from east of London may pronounce "we three" (wise men).

One for you to solve:

Independent 7869 (Dac): Plain and unsensational, as a Cockney might say? (2-6)

PS: Why actor Hrithik Roshan, who has no Cockney connections AFAIK, pronounces "th" as "f" is as yet an unsolved mystery.

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Monday, 19 November 2012

3-Segment Container Clues: {A in (B+C)}

container-clue-indicator-plural In a simple container clue, you are given two components: the container and the content, and the indicator tells you to put the container around the content. For example, the word EARTHEN can be clued as EARN around THE.

Things get more complex when the wordplay splits the answer into more than two components. If EARTHEN is treated as "EAR and TEN around H", then it can be clued in any of these ways:

    Case 1: EAR + (TEN around H)
    Case 2: (EAR+TEN) around H

A majority of 3-segment container clues are written in the more intuitive style of Case 1. Case 2 is harder to reconcile with for most solvers, and that's the one this post is about.

In generic terms, a word can be clued in the form {A in (B+C)} where A goes anywhere inside (B+C): within B, within C, or within the gap between B and C.

Indicator Grammar: Singular or Plural?

If a verbal indicator, say "surround", is used in the clue for {(B+C) around A}, then should it be written as {(B+C) surrounds A} or {(B+C) surround A}?

The answer depends on whether (B+C) is treated as one item or two. Both styles are seen in published clues, as in these two examples from the Times:

Singular Indicator
Times 25321: A high street store, defaulting on rent, holds firm no matter what (2,3,5) AT ALL COSTS
(A + TALL + ST + S[tore]) holds CO

Plural Indicator
Times 24448: Man books house round the corner - probably not for this! (3,5) HEN NIGHT
(HE + NT) house NIGH

Another interesting example of the use of a plural indicator:

THC 10294 (Arden): They could be cast because people have one (10) ASPERSIONS

At first glance you might read the wordplay as "AS + (PERSONS around I)" and think that the cryptic grammar is off. The indicator needs to be in the singular form – "has" instead of "have" - to justify this parsing. But the setter intends you to read the wordplay as "(AS+PERSONS) around I": AS and PERSONS together have I inside them.

When the wordplay extends beyond two components, the setter has the flexibility to place invisible "brackets" in the cryptic logic. The solver needs to work out where those brackets are and apply the first rule of BODMAS: process whatever is inside the brackets first. In the ASPERSIONS clue, the position of the brackets makes all the difference to the cryptic grammar.

As With Containers, So With Deletions

3-segment wordplay works with deletion clues as well: {(B+C) – A} could mean that A is deleted from within B or within C.

Times 23516: Watered animal died – that’s not right (5) HOSED
(HORSE + D) minus R

FT 14152 (Dogberry): Basic source of mould removed from the Spanish cheese (9) ELEMENTAL
M deleted from (EL + EMMENTAL)

Is {A in (B+C)} wordplay Ximenean?

As far as I know, Ximenes had no explicit rule about this type for wordplay. Ximenean setters/publications like Azed and the Times use it in their crosswords. It looks fine to me but some solvers don't like it – if you have the patience, you might want to go through a lengthy debate from 2010 about Anax's clue in this CWC thread. The clue was:

A juke box versus a more modern version? (7) ADVANCE
A + DANCE (juke) box i.e. contain V (versus)

What do you say to {A in (B+C)}? Fair or not?

Solve These 

Pit your wits against these clues with {A in (B+C)} wordplay.

Times 25078: Boorish Conservative impulse solely to conceal bad name (12) _U_________Y
Times 25311: I have got in a state, giving up being very active (5,3,7) _____ ___ K______
Times 25305: Toiling hard in Brazilian location, American breathes in powdery stuff (11) __D______O__

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Friday, 2 November 2012

Clueing long solutions with anagrams

A guest post by Otterden aka Gordon Holt, who has been a crossword setter for the British weekly New Statesman magazine since 2004. The name 'Otterden' came from the fact that otters live in 'holts'! Before he turned to setting puzzles, Gordon Holt had a career in town planning and was the founder/editor of the profession's weekly newspaper.

abbreviations The inclusion of long solutions in cryptic crosswords, often titles, sayings, phrases, quotes etc. (let us say of 15 or more characters in length) can be quite compelling for puzzle setters. The main reason is that the use of lengthy composites can help to add interest and diversity to a puzzle, making solving more fun. Indeed, in compiling a themed crossword the use of longer entries may sometimes prove to be essential. Another positive is that long composites facilitate connectivity within the whole of a grid making it less likely that a solver will get stuck in one particular sector of a puzzle. There are downsides to be cautious of, though. If the clue is too easy much may be given away too early in terms of copious checking letters for other solutions in far-flung parts of a puzzle. Another danger is that if the solution is composed of a number of shortish words the pattern of enumeration alone can provide the key to solving, and a setter's elaborately worked out wordplay completely by-passed.

In deciding to include a long solution in a given puzzle a compiler is making a rod for his own back as clueing problems are far more likely to occur. It is possible that at the end of the day he or she will be forced to indulge in a complex series of wordplay devices in order to construct a satisfactory wordplay. In many cases succinct definitions of long solutions prove elusive. All of this may make the achievement of a clue with a fluent face reading difficult and may result in a clue that is awkward, tortuous and difficult to solve.

So, if there is an anagram available for the totality of the words in the solution all well and good. Unlikely maybe, but like most setters I always have a look for one at a very early stage in the clueing process. From my own experience by far the best result came when clueing one of my New Statesman puzzles. Here I had set myself the task of theming fictional characters who wore masks. Clearly, apart from Zorro, Batman etc., one of the solutions just had to be the 19 letter composite THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK.  The chance of there being a total anagram for nineteen letters was slim but after I had a quick look at the multitudinous jumbles of words provided by electronic anagram finders, it dawned on me that buried here were the words I am the throne man’s kin which, joy oh joy, was also exactly the situation of the title character.  So all I had to do was to add the ubiquitous 'perhaps' and I had an &Lit.

A particularly amazing cognate anagram of 23 letters is to be found in Michael Curl's Anagram Dictionary (this publication is unfortunately now out of print): A NOVEL BY A SCOTTISH WRITER leading to Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott.

No account is complete without mention of the celebrated 26-letter clue by Araucaria of The Guardian:

Poetical scene has surprisingly chaste Lord Archer vegetating (3, 3, 8, 12) THE OLD VICARAGE GRANTCHESTER

This may need some explaining to non-British solvers. The Old Vicarage, Grantchester is a poem by Rupert Brooke but later the home of Jeffery Archer, the British politician and author who at the time was keeping a low profile there after a sex scandal.

Of course, lengthy cognate anagrams of this sort are only going to be achievable once in a blue moon, but occasionally more conventional total anagrams are possible.

Some examples for readers to solve from past puzzles of mine:

Bones (knees and hips) are dislocated quite often on racehorses (9,8)
Was relieved to be off seeking image to change (5,2,8)
Brothers were aggrandising hero, perhaps (6,3,3,8)

---
In a further posting Otterden will discuss how, and how not to, clue long words with clueing devices other than anagrams. [Update (10th November 2013): Otterden's follow-up post – Clueing really long solutions in a crossword]

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Wednesday, 25 July 2012

Oronyms

oronyms-mondegreens

While looking up something about homophones on the net I discovered an interesting word "oronym" - a neologism for homophones that span multiple words. Oronym isn't listed in any of the standard dictionaries but Wikipedia has a page on it that says:

This particular '-onym', oronym, was invented by Gyles Brandreth and first published in his book The Joy of Lex (1980). This term also featured in the BBC programme Never Mind the Full Stops, which also featured Brandreth as a guest.

Oronyms also find a mention in Steven Pinker's popular book The Language Instinct (p155):

We simply hallucinate word boundaries when we reach the edge of a stretch of sound that matches some entry in our mental dictionary. This becomes apparent when we listen to speech in a foreign language: it is impossible to tell where one word ends and the next begins. The seamlessness of speech is also apparent in "oronyms," strings of sound that can be carved into words in two different ways

Oronyms share a similar chain of consonant and vowel sounds, but they are typically composed of words cut at different points in the phonetic strings. Some examples:

Any [grey day / grade A] would be bad news for this professor.
I don't know how [mature / much your] people enjoy such a show.
The good [can decay many ways / candy came anyways].

A cryptic clue based on oronyms:

Guardian 25491 (Orlando): I holler out loud for something to eat in parlour (3,5) ICE CREAM
sounds like I SCREAM (holler out loud)

Another closely related word is "mondegreen", mostly used for misheard song lyrics. The word "mondegreen" was coined in 1954 by author Sylvia Wright. As a child, Wright heard the fourth line in The Bonny Earl O'Moray (a Scottish ballad) as "and Lady Mondegreen" when the actual line is "And laid him on the green". Fun With Words gives more examples of mondegreens and Man-Bol has a user-generated collection of Hindi mondegreens.

Solve These

A few oronym-based clues for you to solve.

Sunday Times 4482: Naked swimmer reportedly a cure for depression?  (3,4) N__ ___L

Times 24557: Having excellent vision, join team for audition (4-4) L___ ___D

Times 25185: Lack inspiration as cartoonist, say, for too long (5-3) D____-__T

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Wednesday, 30 May 2012

Ask the readers: What makes a crossword a good collection of clue types?

clue-type-distribution An open question for setters and solvers: what makes a crossword a good collection of clue types?

We may complain about too many anagrams, CDs or DDs, but how many is too many?

Before I put this question to you, I put it to myself and tried to come up with numbers for at least the contentious clue types. I soon realised that while solving, my idea of balance in clue types stems from more than count.

If there are 4 15-letter words in the grid and all of them are anagrams, my senses say "too many" even if those are the only anagrams in the grid.

3 deletions consecutively seem like a lot more than 4 deletions in clues far apart.

Some solvers (famously Colonel Gopinath) dislike CDs/DDs and will probably not miss them if they disappear altogether. I love a good CD and if they're distributed around the grid, I'm happy with half a dozen CDs in a puzzle. At the same time I usually find CDs hard to solve without crossings and will object if 3 of them intersect.

Tim Moorey's How To Master The Times Crossword covers some tips for solvers about the number of clues to expect for certain clue types in the Times crossword: "There may be no hidden clue in any one daily puzzle and rarely more than one" [p64], and similar such for anagrams.

The tips in the book are worded as approximations and not rules.

All in all this looks like a fuzzy area based on taste/perception and I'd like to open the floor for discussion.

Questions for setters:

Do you follow guidelines set by the paper or do you have your own working style in choice of clue types? Do you consciously keep track of the number of clues of each type and make an effort to moderate them?

Questions for solvers:

What is the ideal clue type distribution for you? Does an excess of some clue types invite your wrath more than others?

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Wednesday, 28 March 2012

Reverse Containers

reverse-containers The idea behind reverse anagrams extends to other clue types as well. Such as the container clue type.

In a normal container clue, you are given the container A, content B and the c/c indicator. You fit B into A to get X.

In a reverse container clue, you are given that X. You work out how to read X as a relationship between container A and content B.

For example, look at the next two clues that use container-and-contents wordplay on the same word RESIGN - one the normal way, the other the reverse way.

Normal container clue:
Guardian 24944 (Bonxie): Second in command to step down (6) RESIGN
S (second) in REIGN (command)

Reverse container clue:
Sunday Times 4476 (Anax): As deputy, resign? (6,2,7) SECOND IN COMMAND
RESIGN = S in REIGN = second in command

How to identify a reverse container

Any form of reverse wordplay can be hard to spot since the standard bits that help the solver - the clue type indicator, the components to put together - are not explicit in the clue. There may be a hint like '?' to go upon but that's neither mandatory nor exclusive to reverse wordplay.

The strongest sign that you're dealing with a reverse container is all of these together:

  • the clue's answer is a phrase or a long word
  • the clue is brief
  • a container/content indicator like IN or OUT seems to fit into the answer, which you can see from the checking letters/word length/definition

The next step is to match the fodder (X) with the answer by reading it as a relationship between container and content. For example, in the SECOND IN COMMAND clue, try reading RESIGN in the form of "B in A".  Keep in mind that both components A and B should make sense - RESIGN can't be something like "ES in RIGN" (unless the fodder is literally ESINRIGN) since RIGN does not mean anything. S in REIGN (command) will suggest itself easily.

Solve These

Enjoy solving these reverse container clues.

Guardian 25351 (Tramp): Must've? (5,7,2,3,3)

Guardian 25582 (Philistine): Stripped clue with a pattern (10)

Independent 7840 (Monk): Language suggested by Escher right away? (7)

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Wednesday, 8 June 2011

Semi-&Lit Clues

semi-andlit A semi-&lit (semi all-in-one) clue is a variant of the &lit (all-in-one) clue type.

In an &lit clue, the entire clue is the definition as well as the wordplay.
In a semi-&lit clue, the entire clue is the definition but only a part of the clue is the wordplay.

For example, a clue by Roger Squires:

Slow-moving mice may get snapped up by them (4) OWLS (SLOW)*
The entire clue "Slow-moving mice may get snapped up by them" defines OWLS, but only "Slow-moving" (i.e. anagram of SLOW) is the wordplay. So this clue is a semi-&lit.

Compare this to:

One's cold to walk over (6) ICECAP
I (one) has C (cold), PACE (walk) reversed i.e. over 
This is an &lit, as there is a perfect correspondence between the definition and wordplay.

The difference between &lit and semi-&lit clues can be confusing when the definition and wordplay are nearly the same.

How will you classify the next clue - &lit or semi-&lit?

Indy 7682 (Anax): He, wearing one pair, returned on opening of handcuffs? (7) HOUDINI
IN (wearing) I (one) DUO (pair) reversed, on H[andcuffs]
The clue has only one additional word beyond the wordplay - "He", which gives the definition the right part of speech without altering its meaning. So is it an &lit?

How to distinguish between &lit and semi-&lit clues

Here's the thumb rule, thanks to Anax - If in doubt, ask a fundamental question of the clue: Does it contain anything at all outside the wordplay? If so, it's semi-&lit, even if that extraneous material is nothing more than a word such as 'it'.

In the clue above, HOUDINI is semi-&lit because 'He' is outside the wordplay.

Try this clue from Tim Moorey's book next:

What's carried by pupils at Cheltenham? (5) SATCHEL

Does the whole clue work as the wordplay? Yes it does – SATCHEL is what's carried by pupilS AT CHELtenham. So it is a pure &lit.

Semi-&Lit Characteristics

In summary, a semi-&lit has two parts:

  • the non-wordplay part, which is like a condensed definition
  • the wordplay part, which extends the definition

Together, the wordplay + non-wordplay parts form the complete definition for the answer.

Let's revisit the OWLS example again.

Slow-moving mice may get snapped up by them (4) OWLS (SLOW)*
The non-wordplay part "mice may get snapped up by them" gives us the condensed definition, and adding the wordplay "slow-moving" fleshes this out into a larger definition.

The wordplay in a semi-&lit may be based on any clue type, and the non-wordplay part will point to the answer without having to change syntax/tense/grammar.

Solve and tell - &lit or semi-&lit?

By Roger Squires: All of a tingle, perhaps, from such a beating? (12)
By Roger Squires: He may be found in a wrongful act (5)
Times 24607: Some tack — it’s cheesy (6)
Times 24792: Who might have struggle swallowing poultry product? (6) V____E
Guardian 24641 (Paul): Still after criminal — as one should be! (9) C______L_

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Monday, 9 May 2011

Double...no, duplicate definitions

duplicate-definitions Consider these double definition (dd) clues for the word SPRING:

1. Season well (6)
2. Bound to jump (6)

Both have plausible surfaces and two accurate definitions that lead to the answer SPRING. And yet, the first is a pure dd, the second does not.

The two definitions in a proper double definition clue are expected to have two entirely different meanings. In the first clue, "season" (as in autumn, winter, spring) and "well" (as in, source of water) are unrelated meanings. That is not the case in the second clue - "bound" and "jump", when they mean "spring", are synonyms.

More examples of duplicate definitions:

Guardian 25246 (Quantum): Can't be defended, having no grounds (13) UNJUSTIFIABLE
THC 9702 (Neyartha): Authentic novel (8) ORIGINAL

Are duplicate definitions acceptable?

By Ximenean norms, no. Most solvers will call such clues out as defective, but I've come across some compelling arguments in favour of treating the duplicate definiton clue as a valid clue type.

Uncle Yap, long-time blogger on fifteensquared and Times for the Times, uses a unique classification "dud" to distinguish such clues from normal dds and says that duplicate definitions strung together can sometimes create a surface as misleading and pleasing as a regular dd. This is indeed true of clues like:

Guardian 24840 (Rufus): Sends away for books (6) ORDERS
Guardian 24976 (Rufus): Mint that's still unwrapped? (6) UNUSED

The misdirection in such clues comes from synonyms posing as different parts of speech on the clue's surface. In reality, the two definitions mean the same.

An easy test for duplicate definitions

Construct a sentence where the two definitions can be interchanged without affecting the meaning of that sentence. If you can come up with such a sentence, then the two definitions are duplicate definitions.

Identify the clue type – dd or dud?

A little exercise for you – check if these clues are true double definitions or not.

1. THC 10124 (Gridman): Satisfying session (7) MEETING
2. THC 9910 (Gridman): Fancy a fabled creature? (7) CHIMERA
3. Guardian 25293 (Rufus): Unqualified to make a statement (5) UTTER
4. Guardian 25314 (Shed): Nut loaf (4) HEAD
5. THC 9675 (Neyartha): Care to help? (3) AID
6. Guardian 24850 (Rover): A Frenchman's charge for electricity (7) COULOMB
7. Guardian 24534 (Enigmatist): Capable of doing no more? (2,2) UP TO 

What’s your take? Are duplicate definition clues flawed dds, or do you think they work as well as any other cryptic device?

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Saturday, 3 July 2010

Some Really Good Cryptic Definitions

cryptic-definition-clues The Hindu Crossword solvers have been talking of the high number of cryptic definition clues in M Manna's current run of crosswords. It is no secret that Colonel Gopinath of THCC is not a fan of this clue type. He will be happy to know that Ximenes was on his side, and from what I hear, American cryptic crosswords do not allow CDs either.

For me, a good cryptic definition is most impressive, a reflection of the setter's maturity and command over the language. Writing a cryptic definition also possibly requires more courage – it has higher chances of "flopping", like cracking a joke which gets no laughs if the audience doesn't understand it or if the audience sees it long before the punch line comes.

From the solver's perspective, one difficulty with CDs is that you either get them or you don't - there is no subsidiary indication to help. But when the penny drops on a really juicy CD, it is worth going through that ambiguity. All I ask of the setter is not to let many CDs accumulate in the same part of the grid so that we get some help with checking.

The trouble with M Manna’s crosswords, to me, is not the high number of cryptic definitions but that they are poor cryptic definitions. Many are straight clues weakly trying to be cryptic (which reminds me – if you have not added your vote in the Poll: Non-Cryptic Clues In The Hindu Crossword, do so now – last day today! Results will be announced early next week.)

To offset the spate of bad CDs in THC, sharing with you a few CDs that I like. I hope you will like them too.

Guardian 24983 (Gordius): Enlightenment for the masses? (8) S L _ _ M _ _ _
FT 13036 (Viking): Good place for stiff doubles? (8) W _ _ _ O _ K _
Guardian (Rufus): Made up a number (8) C _ _ P _ _ _ D
Times : What's needed when jumper is in such a state? (3, 6) N _ _ / J _ _ S _ _
FT 13326 (Bradman): Coach after a bit of magic? (7) P _ _ P _ _ N

Post your answers as comments. Will publish them on Monday 5th July.

Update: The answers are SLIMMING, WAXWORKS, COMPOSED, NEW JERSEY, PUMPKIN

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Thursday, 17 June 2010

Reverse Anagrams

Reverse Anagram Clue In a normal anagram clue, you are given the anagram indicator and the anagram fodder. You jumble the fodder to get the answer.

In a reverse anagram clue, you are given the anagrammed word. You work out the answer backwards – the answer consists of the anagram indicator and anagram fodder.

To understand this better, consider a normal anagram and a reverse anagram for the same wordplay: POSH = (SHOP)*

Regular anagram:
NIE 9 Feb 2010: High-class sort of shop (4) POSH
POSH = (SHOP)*, with "sort of" as anagrind

Reverse anagram:
Guardian 24866 (Pasquale): Posh maybe to have a look at purchasing options (4,6) SHOP AROUND
The definition is "have a look at purchasing options". How is "posh maybe" related to SHOP AROUND? Read it as an anagram in reverse: SHOP "around" (anagram indicator) gives POSH.

Another pair of examples for the same wordplay: WEALTH = (THE LAW)*

Regular anagram:
Guardian 24589 (Orlando): Means of breaking the law (6) WEALTH
WEALTH = (THE LAW)*, with "breaking" as anagrind

Reverse anagram:
Guardian 24798 (Rufus): Make wealth the wrong way? (5,3,3) BREAK THE LAW
If you "break" THE LAW, you might make WEALTH. The whole clue is the definition, &lit style.

How to identify a reverse anagram

Reverse anagrams can be tricky. There is no strong indicator in the clue for a reverse anagram (the conventional anagram indicator is within the answer). Sometimes the setter will helpfully add a hint alongside the anagrammed word - "perhaps", "could be", etc. - to let you know that something unusual is going on.

For example:

Everyman 3318: Use the grapevine in part of castle, with one a threat, as it were? (4,2,3,2,3,6) KEEP AN EAR TO THE GROUND
castle = KEEP, and "one a threat" = AN EAR TO THE "ground" (anagrind, when read as a verb). The hint is in the words "as it were?"

Guardian 24951 (Araucaria): Fool playing with clue for toga (5,4) GIDDY GOAT
toga = "giddy" GOAT. "clue for" suggests a reverse anagram – "giddy goat" might be the wordplay in a clue for TOGA.

The hint could be less overt – just a ? or !.

Guardian 25037 (Puck): Placing for one sailing past bay horse? (8) OFFSHORE

You can't rely wholly on finding such tip-offs, though – they might not be there, or they might indicate something different. ? might be a signal for a cryptic definition; "perhaps" might imply a definition-by-example.

Reverse anagrams are generally "grid" clues i.e. not easily solved standalone, it takes some supplementary information to figure them out. I usually wait for the answer to reveal itself through part of the wordplay/checking/definition. Sometimes, the parsing has to be engineered backwards. If the answer (which we've worked out from the other parts of the clue, but can't fully explain) contains an anagrind-style word - MIXED of MIXED BAG, OFF of OFFEND, etc., then it's probably a reverse anagram.

Reverse anagrams are not very common (although they seem to have become all the rage in the past year; I find Don Manley using this device quite a lot). You might come across them once in a few days, but not more than one or two in the same grid.

Solve These

Test your reverse anagramming skills with these clues:

FT 13326 (Bradman): It could suggest I step away from the prescribed route (3-5)
FT 13397 (Bradman): File perhaps for certain fauna and flora? (8)
From Afrit's crossword collection: Dear me! So I am! (6) 

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Wednesday, 9 June 2010

Differentiating Between CD and &Lit Clues

Cryptic Definition? &Lit? A perennial source of confusion among solvers is in classifying clues as cryptic definition or &lit. In fact, according to a review of Secrets of the Setters, even the book trips up on this technicality – and it's written by the Guardian's Crossword Editor.

Here's a quick tip to dispel the confusion.

  In an &lit clue, the whole clue is both the definition and the wordplay
  In a cryptic definition, the whole clue is only the definition. There is no separate wordplay.

Apply The Test

When in doubt, check the clue against this rule.
Picking a few examples that have generated discussion recently among Hindu Crossword solvers.

THC 9863 (Sankalak): It creates a stir in the cup that cheers (8) TEASPOON
Question: Does the whole clue define TEASPOON?
Answer: Yes.

Question: Does the whole clue also act as wordplay for TEASPOON?
Answer: No. There is no other wordplay in the clue.

Verdict: Cryptic Definition

THC Sun 2587: Start of number trio's playing? (5) INTRO
Question: Does the whole clue define INTRO?
Answer: Yes. An INTRO can be an introductory passage of music.

Question: Does the whole clue also act as wordplay for INTRO?
Answer: Yes. N (start of 'number') + (TRIO)*, with "playing" as anagram indicator.

Verdict: &Lit

THC 9863 (Sankalak): Where, in a restaurant, questions may be asked? (9) GRILLROOM
Question: Does the whole clue define GRILLROOM?
Answer: No. The definition is only "(in a) restaurant".

Question: Does the whole clue also act as wordplay for GRILLROOM?
Answer: No. The wordplay is "where…questions may be asked?" - a pun on the word "grill".

Verdict: This is an unusual one, but I'd call it closer to being a d&cd i.e. a blend of double definition and cryptic definition, than a pure cryptic definition.

One from the Guardian…

Guardian 25027 (Paul): What's round and called "tangerine", ultimately? (6) ORANGE
Question: Does the whole clue define ORANGE?
Answer: Yes.

Question: Does the whole clue also act as wordplay for ORANGE?
Answer: Yes. O (round) and RANG (called) [tangerin]E

Verdict: &Lit

---

Time to test your clue type identification skills!

Classify These

Clues with their answers are given below. Which of these are CDs, which &lits, and which are neither?

FT 13403 (Loroso): How to describe something which marks a boundary? (8) HEDGEROW
Times 24427: Stole quietly away? (6) INCHED
Times 24548: Opening statement when meeting PM (4,9) GOOD AFTERNOON
THC 9849 (Gridman): Unreliable person useless for omelette-making? (3,3)  BAD EGG

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Monday, 22 February 2010

Cryptic Double-Definitions

cryptic-double-definition The cryptic double-definition (d&cd) clue type is a hybrid of the double definition (dd) and cryptic definition (cd) clue types. The clue has two definitions, with a twist - at least one of those definitions is cryptic.

Oinking tendency? (8) PENCHANT
Two definitions here - 'oinking' and 'tendency' - but unlike a regular dd clue, one of those definitions is a lateral one. 'Oinking' gives PEN CHANT, but that is not a dictionary meaning of the word.

d&cd Clue Characteristics

  • The 'cd' bit of the d&cd clue can be more lateral than a pure cryptic definition. As there is another half of the clue to help the solver derive the answer, setters take some creative liberties here.

    Times 24451: Somewhat swollen condition of female diving bird? (9) PUFFINESS
    The first definition 'somewhat swollen condition' is straight, the second 'female diving bird' is cryptic. PUFFIN is a diving bird, therefore PUFFIN-ESS is a 'female diving bird'.

  • The cryptic half of a d&cd clue need not be a standalone definition for the answer, unlike a pure dd clue in which both definitions can independently stand for the answer.

  • The cryptic part may be the first or the second definition in the clue. On crossword solving forums, the shorthand used is d&cd (where the cryptic definition appears second), or cd&d (where the cryptic definition appears first).

  • A d&cd clue usually (but not always) has a '?' in it. As with pure dd/cd clues, there is no other indicator for this clue type.

    Solve These!

    Everyman 3303: Nothing left in safe (3,5)
    FT 13215 (Falcon): Something added, or removed? (8)
    FT 13305 (Armonie): One has aspirations before the bid (9)

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    Wednesday, 20 January 2010

    Quiz: What's unXimenean About It?

    spot-non-ximenean-elements As a follow-up to previous posts about Ximenes and Ximenean vs. Libertarian approaches to clueing, here is a little quiz for you.

    A list of anagram clues, with their annotated solutions, is given below.

    Each clue has some element that will make Ximeneans (i.e. crossword setters/enthusiasts who uphold the standards laid down by Ximenes)  frown.

    Your task is to

    • Say what is unXimenean about the clue.
    • Say whether you like the clue or not.

    Put your thinking caps on and have your say. Comments will be held unpublished till Friday 22nd Jan 2010, so that those who visit late also get a fair chance to try.

    1. Guardian 24902 (Bronxie): One who thinks about fluid (5) MUSER
        Anagram of SERUM (fluid), with "about" as anagrind.

    2. Independent 7215 (Radian): Derringer's exploits? (6) PISTOL 
        Anagram of PLOITS. PISTOL is ex-PLOITS.

    3. Guardian 24070 (Rufus): Madly devouring without end, showing gusto (6) VIGOUR
         Anagram of (DEVOURING – END), with "madly" as anagrind.

    4. Sunday Times 4356: Secured, however noted error (8) BUTTONED
        BUT (however) + (NOTED)*, with "error" as anagrind.

    5. THC 9566 (Gridman): Engine parts from crate burst or fell apart (12) CARBURETTORS
       (CRATE BURST OR)*, with "fell apart" as anagrind.

    6. THC 9546 (Neyartha): Half-witted doctor declines aid from the vocal bishop’s neighbour (7,5) TWELFTH NIGHT
        Anagram of (HALFWITTED – AID) with "doctor" as anagrind.
        NIGHT is a homophone of KNIGHT, which is bishop's neighbour in chess. 
       (Ignore the missing definition – this clue was part of a themed puzzle, in which answers were Shakespeare's plays. 
        That's not the error here. Thanks to Ramna for pointing this out.)

    Bring on those comments!

    Update: Answers to quiz: What's unXimenean About It?

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    Monday, 14 December 2009

    Letter Exchange

    letter-switch-clue-type

    In the letter exchange clue type, two letters switch positions to give the solution. That's a variation on letter shifting, in which a single letter changes position.

    Examples of words that can be clued by letter exchange:

    SHUT: swap the letters S and T to get THUS
    NOTE: swap the letters N and T to get TONE

    Letter Exchange Clue Structure: The clue consists of -
    1. Solution definition
    2. Definition of the source word
    3. Letter exchange Indicator

    Example:
    Times 24399: Doomed king switching sides? True(4) {L}EA{R} –> {R}EA{L}
    Solution definition: True
    Definition of the source word: Doomed king
    Letter exchange indicator: switching sides, indicates swapping L and R in LEAR (doomed king)

    Letter Exchange Clue Characteristics

    • Most commonly, the exchange happens between the first and last letters of the word, or two adjacent letters anywhere in the word.

    • The indicator may mention the two letters to be swapped, or the positions of these letters. In case of switch between adjacent letters, the indicator might be less specific with only something like "internal exchange" to signal letter swapping.

    • The exchange can happen not just between two single letters but between groups of letters.
      Example Azed 1956: What, typically, has two halves, these being switched to a great extent (4)
      The two halves GA and ME of GAME (what, typically, has two halves) swap positions to give MEGA.

    • A good clue leaves no ambiguity about which is the source word, which the answer - but with this clue type there's a higher chance of finding a not-so-great clue in which the distinction isn't obvious. In such cases, it's best to wait for a few checking letters before filling in the answer in the grid. 

    Solve These

    Times 23530: Whatever happens, queen's gown must exchange hands! (10)
    Guardian 24797 (Taupi): Dull reasons for spies switching sides (7)

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